[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Editorial Board ::
Articles archive::
Publication Ethics::
For Authors::
Peer Review Process::
Registration::
Site Facilities::
Contact us::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
:: Volume 10, Issue 20 And (2025) ::
aapc 2025, 10(20 And ): 203-249 Back to browse issues page
Explaining the Moral Predispositions of Accounting Students: An Analytical Approach to the Effectiveness and Development of Professional Ethics Education
Morteza Kazempour *1 , Mohammadjavad Sheykh2 , Elyas Tahmasbi3
1- M.kazempour@khu.ac.ir (Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Financial Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran) , m.kazempour@khu.ac.ir
2- m.sheikh@khu.ac.ir (Associate Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Financial Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran)
3- ElyasTahmasbi@khu.ac.ir (M.Sc. Student in Auditing, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Financial Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran)
Abstract:   (313 Views)
Recent corporate scandals have increasingly underscored the imperative to reassess ethics education in accounting. Despite empirical evidence indicating ethical differences between accounting and non-accounting students, it remains unclear whether these differences stem from educational interventions or individual predispositions. This study aims to elucidate the ethical predispositions of accounting students and compare them with students from other business disciplines prior to their exposure to specialized training. This research employs a descriptive-survey methodology, with the statistical population comprising newly enrolled accounting and non-accounting students at public universities in Tehran during the academic year 2025-2026. From 513 distributed questionnaires, 344 complete responses were collected using convenience sampling. Data were gathered utilizing a multidimensional ethics scale and eight ethical scenarios, subsequently analyzed through structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis via AMOS software. The findings reveal that while no significant difference exists in overall ethical judgment between the two groups, accounting students exhibit a stronger inclination towards the ethical philosophies of contractualism and egoism. Conversely, no significant difference was observed between the groups regarding relativism. Furthermore, gender did not significantly influence ethical judgment. These findings not only confirm the role of self-selection in the choice of an accounting major but also underscore the necessity of designing targeted curricula based on these ethical predispositions. Educational programs should aim to reinforce the positive aspects of contractualism while moderating egoism and fostering critical thinking that transcends cultural norms.
Keywords: Ethical Predispositions, Accounting Students, Self-Selection, Contractualism, Egoism, Ethics Education.
Full-Text [PDF 1839 kb]   (33 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2026/01/27 | Accepted: 2026/03/1 | Published: 2026/05/31
References
1. Alanezi, F., M. Alfraih, A. E. Haddad, N. Altaher. 2016. Factors influencing students’ choice of accounting as a major: Further evidence from Kuwait. Global Review of Accounting and Finance, 7(1): 165–177.
2. Ali, S. S. S., M. Tinggi. 2013. Factors influencing the students’ choice of accounting as a major. IUP Journal of Accounting Research & Audit Practices, 12(4): 25–42.
3. Alleyne, P., C. Cadogan-McClean, A. Harper. 2013. Examining personal values and ethical behaviour perceptions between accounting and non-accounting students in the Caribbean. The Accounting Educators’ Journal, 23: 47–70.
4. Armstrong, M. B. 1993. Ethics and professionalism in accounting education: A sample course. Journal of Accounting Education, 11(1): 77–92.
5. Awadallah, E., A. Elgharbawy. 2021. Utilizing the theory of reasoned action in understanding students’ choice in selecting accounting as major. Accounting Education, 30(1): 86–106.
6. Azevedo, R. F. L., S. Sugahara. 2012. The factors influencing accounting students’ career intention to become an accounting professional in Brazil. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 1(3): 1–18.
7. Bardi, A., S. H. Schwartz. 2003. Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10): 1207–1220.
8. Barrett, H. C., R. R. Saxe. 2021. Are some cultures more mind-minded in their moral judgements than others? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376.
9. Beekun, R. I., N. Alayoglu, A. O. Öztürk, M. Babacan, J. W. Westerman. 2017. Gauging the ethicality of students in Turkish institutions of higher education. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(1): 185–197.
10. Bilwani, S., G. Anjum. 2022. Gender differences in making moral decisions: The ethics of care perspective in Pakistan. Ethics and Social Welfare, 16(1): 73–89.
11. Borkowski, S. C., U. J. Yusuf. 1992. The ethical attitudes of students as a function of age, sex and experience. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(12): 961–979.
12. Botes, A. 2000. A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(5): 1071–1075.
13. Bromell, T. 2017. What is the public interest role of accountants? The CPA Journal, 87(8): 6–7.
14. Brown, D. 2000. The interaction of person-environment fit and demographic diversity: Examining the effects of gender on ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 25(2): 123–138.
15. Christensen, L. J., E. Peirce, L. P. Hartman, W. M. Hoffman, J. Carrier. 2007. Ethics, CSR, and sustainability education in the Financial Times top 50 global business schools: Baseline data and future research directions. Journal of Business Ethics, 73(4): 347–368.
16. Cohen, J. R., L. W. Pant, D. J. Sharp. 1998. The effect of gender and academic discipline diversity on the ethical evaluations, ethical intentions and ethical orientation of potential public accounting recruits. Accounting Horizons, 12(3): 250–270.
17. Cohen, J. R., L. W. Pant, D. J. Sharp. 2001. An examination of differences in ethical decision-making between Canadian business students and accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(4): 319–336.
18. Cohen, J., D. M. Hanno. 1993. An analysis of underlying constructs affecting the choice of accounting as a major. Issues in Accounting Education, 8(2): 219–236.
19. Dalcı, İ., H. Araslı, M. Tümer, S. Baradarani. 2013. Factors that influence Iranian students’ decision to choose accounting major. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 3(2): 145–163.
20. Davenport, L., S. Dellaportas. 2009. Interpreting the public interest: A survey of professional accountants. Australian Accounting Review, 19(1): 11–23.
21. Debeljak, J., K. Krkač. 2008. “Me, myself & I”: Practical egoism, selfishness, self-interest and business ethics. Social Responsibility Journal, 4(1/2): 217–227.
22. Douglas, P. C., R. A. Davidson, B. N. Schwartz. 2001. The effect of organizational culture and ethical orientation on accountants’ ethical judgments. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(2): 101–121.
23. Dunbar, K. 2017. Problem solving. In W. Bechtel, G. Graham (Eds.). A Companion to Cognitive Science. 2017: 289–298. Wiley Blackwell.
24. Eagly, A. H. 1987. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
25. Eaton, T. V., K. J. Smith, P. Stephens. 2025. Ethics education approaches in accounting programs: A comparative analysis of standalone versus integrated models. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 34(1): 45–68.
26. Enget, K., J. L. Garcia, M. Webinger. 2020. Majoring in accounting: Effects of gender, difficulty, career opportunities, and the impostor phenomenon on student choice. Journal of Accounting Education, 53
27. Forsyth, D. R. 1980. A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(2): 175–184.
28. Freeman, S. 1991. Contractualism, moral motivation, and practical reason. Journal of Philosophy, 88(6): 281–303.
29. Frémeaux, S., F.-R. Puyou, G. Michelson. 2020. Beyond accountants as technocrats: A common good perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 67–68.
30. Gautschi, F. H., T. M. Jones. 1998. Enhancing the ability of business students to recognize ethical issues: An empirical assessment of the effectiveness of a course in business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(2): 205–216.
31. Giacomin, O., F. Janssen, R. S. Shinnar. 2025. Individual religiosity and perceptions of unethical behavior: Evidence from business students. Journal of Business Ethics, 186(2): 321–340.
32. Gilligan, C. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Gino, F., D. Ariely. 2012. The dark side of creativity: Original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3): 445–459.
34. Green, S., J. Weber. 1997. Influencing ethical development: Exposing students to the AICPA code of conduct. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(8): 777–790.
35. Gustafson, A. 2013. In defense of a utilitarian business ethic. Business and Society Review, 118(3): 325–360.
36. Haski-Leventhal, D., M. Pournader, A. McKinnon. 2017. The role of gender and age in business students’ values, CSR attitudes, and responsible management education: Learnings from the PRME international survey. Journal of Business Ethics, 146: 219–239.
37. Healy, L. M. 2007. Universalism and cultural relativism in social work ethics. International Social Work, 50(1): 11–26.
38. Heiat, A., D. Brown, D. M. Johnson. 2007. An empirical analysis of underlying factors affecting the choice of accounting major. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 4(8): 83–98.
39. Hobbes, T. 1991. Leviathan (R. Tuck, Ed.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1651).
40. Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1): 1–26.
41. Holland, J. L. 1959. A theory of vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 6(1): 35–45.
42. Holland, J. L. 1997. Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.
43. Holt, T. P., L. A. Burke-Smalley, C. Jones. 2017. An empirical investigation of student career interests in auditing using the Big Five model of personality. Presented at the American Accounting Association Annual Meeting.
44. Ionescu, L. 2016. Mechanisms for enhancing ethical behavior in the accounting profession. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 8(2): 263–269.
45. Kara, A., J. I. Rojas-Méndez, M. Turan. 2016. Ethical evaluations of business students in an emerging market: Effects of ethical sensitivity, cultural values, personality, and religiosity. Journal of Academic Ethics, 14(4): 297–325.
46. Karlsson, P., M. Noela. 2022. Beliefs influencing students’ career choices in Sweden and reasons for not choosing the accounting profession. Journal of Accounting Education, 58: 100756
47. Keyser, J. D., L. M. Smith, P. Stephens. 2025. Ethical challenges in professional certification examinations: Maintaining integrity in accounting education. Journal of Accounting Education, 62: 100812.
48. Khalid, F. M., F. H. A. Rauf, N. F. A. Fuad, S. Saaibon, N. A. M. Asri, N. D. Sharom. 2018. Factors influencing high school students to major in accounting. Global Business and Management Research, 10(3): 605–615.
49. Kim, D., F. S. Markham, J. D. Cangelosi. 2002. Why students pursue the business degree: A comparison of business majors across universities. Journal of Education for Business, 78(1): 28–32.
50. Kim, D., Markham, F. S., & Cangelosi, J. D. (2002). Why students pursue the business degree: A comparison of business majors across universities. Journal of Education for Business, 78(1), 28–32.
51. Kohlberg, L. 1984. The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages (Essays on moral development, Volume 2). Harper & Row.
52. Kontos, P. 2009. Kant (and Scanlon) on Promises: Contractualist Constructivism. Studi Kantiani, 22: 67–81.
53. Kumar, T. 2017. Factors that influence Bangladeshi student’s decisions to major accounting at the entrance of university. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 6(2): 147–171.
54. Laksmi, A. C., S. I. Al Hafis. 2019. The influence of accounting students’ perception of public accounting profession: A study from Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Accounting, 1(1): 47–63.
55. Landry, R. 2004. An examination of the differences in ethical perceptions between accounting and non-accounting students in Singapore. Management & Accounting Review (MAR), 3(1): 81–102.
56. Leonard, L. N. K., C. K. Riemenschneider, T. S. Manly. 2017. Ethical behavioral intention in an academic setting: Models and predictors. Journal of Academic Ethics, 15(2): 141–166.
57. Lessnoff, M. H. (Ed.). 1990. Social contract theory. Basil Blackwell.
58. Locke, J. 1988. Two treatises of government (P. Laslett, Ed.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1690).
59. Lyons, D. 1976. Ethical relativism and the problem of incoherence. Ethics, 86(2): 107–121.
60. Marques, P. A., J. Azevedo-Pereira. 2009. Ethical ideology and ethical judgments in the Portuguese accounting profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2): 227–242.
61. Martinov-Bennie, N., R. Mladenovic. 2015. Investigation of the impact of an ethical framework and an integrated ethics education on accounting students’ ethical sensitivity and judgment. Accounting Education, 24(6): 483–510.
62. Merlo, G., G. Pravato. 2021. Relativism, realism, and subjective facts. Synthese, 198(9): 8149–8165.
63. Mesch, D. J., M. S. Brown, Z. I. Moore, A. D. Hayat. 2011. Gender differences in charitable giving. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16(4): 342–355.
64. Mitchell, A., T. Puxty, P. Sikka, H. Willmott. 1994. Ethical statements as smokescreens for sectional interests: The case of the UK accountancy profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(1): 39–51.
65. Mubako, G., K. Bagchi, G. Udo, M. Marinovic. 2020. Personal values and ethical behavior in accounting students. Journal of Business Ethics, 174(1): 1–16.
66. Mudrack, P. E., E. S. Mason. 2013. Dilemmas, conspiracies, and Sophie’s choice: Vignette themes and ethical judgments. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3): 639–653.
67. Neubaum, D. O., M. Pagell, J. A. Drexler, F. M. McKee-Ryan, E. Larson. 2009. Business education and its relationship to student personal moral philosophies and attitudes toward profits: An empirical response to critics. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(1): 9–24.
68. Nguyen, N. T., M. T. Basuray, W. P. Smith, D. Kopka, D. N. McCulloh. 2008. Ethics perception: Does teaching make a difference? Journal of Education for Business, 84(2): 66–75.
69. Owusu, G. M. Y., R. A. Bekoe, S. A. Okyere, E. E. Welbeck. 2019. What influences the course major decision of accounting and non-accounting students? Journal of International Education in Business, 12(1): 26–42.
70. Pflugrath, G., N. Martinov-Bennie, L. Chen. 2007. The impact of codes of ethics and experience on auditor judgments. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(6): 566–589.
71. Poje, T., M. Zaman Groff. 2023. Ways ethics education toolkit impacts moral judgment of accounting students. Accounting Research Journal, 36(2/3): 251–273.
72. Rasche, A., D. U. Gilbert, I. Schedel. 2013. Cross-disciplinary ethics education in MBA programs: Rhetoric or reality? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12(1): 71–85.
73. Rawls, J. 1971. A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
74. Reidenbach, R. E., D. P. Robin. 1988. Some initial steps toward improving the measurement of ethical evaluations of marketing activities. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(11): 871–879.
75. Reidenbach, R. E., D. P. Robin. 1990. Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(8): 639–653.
76. Rest, J. 1973. The hierarchical nature of moral judgment: A study of patterns of comprehension and preference of moral stages. Journal of Personality, 41(1): 86–109.
77. Rest, J. R. 1979. Development in judging moral issues. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
78. Rest, J. R. 1986. Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger.
79. Rodriguez Gomez, S., M. V. Lopez Perez, R. Garde Sánchez, L. Rodríguez Ariza. 2020. Factors in the acquisition of ethical training. Education and Training, 63(3): 472–489.
80. Royaee, R., S. A. Ahmadi, A. Jari. 2013. Students’ and faculty members’ perceptions of the importance of business ethics and accounting ethics education: Iranian case. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 2(2): 163–171.
81. Royaii, R., S. A. Ahmadi, A. Jari. 2012. Students’ and faculty members’ perceptions of the importance of business ethics and accounting ethics education: Iranian case. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 1(2): 163–171.
82. Saemann, G. P., K. J. Crooker. 1999. Student perceptions of the profession and its effect on decisions to major in accounting. Journal of Accounting Education, 17(1): 1–22.
83. Samnani, A. K., S. D. Salamon, P. Singh. 2014. Negative affect and counterproductive workplace behavior: The moderating role of moral disengagement and gender. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(2): 235–244.
84. Schlenker, B. R., D. R. Forsyth. 1977. On the ethics of psychological research: A multidimensional scaling analysis of ethical judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(4): 360–374
85. Schminke, M., M. L. Ambrose, J. A. Miles. 2003. The impact of gender and setting on perceptions of others’ ethics. Sex Roles, 48(7–8): 361–375.
86. Segal, L., L. Gideon, M. R. Haberfeld. 2011. Comparing the ethical attitudes of business and criminal justice students. Social Science Quarterly, 92(4): 1021–1043.
87. Shawver, T. J., J. T. Sennetti. 2009. Measuring ethical sensitivity and evaluation. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(4): 663–678.
88. Skitka, L. J., C. W. Bauman, E. Mullen. 2008. Morality and justice: An expanded theoretical perspective and empirical review. Justice, 25: 1–27.
89. Smith, A. 1776. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations: Volume One. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
90. Stedham, Y., J. H. Yamamura, R. I. Beekun. 2007. Gender differences in business ethics: Justice and relativist perspectives. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(2): 163–174.
91. Steele, L. M., J. F. Johnson, L. L. Watts, A. E. MacDougall, M. D. Mumford, S. Connelly, T. H. Lee Williams. 2016. A comparison of the effects of ethics training on international and US students. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22(4): 1217–1244.
92. Sweeney, B., F. Costello. 2009. Moral intensity and ethical decision-making: An empirical examination of undergraduate accounting and business students. Accounting Education, 18(1): 75–97.
93. Tan, L. M., F. Laswad. 2006. Students’ beliefs, attitudes and intentions to major in accounting. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 15(2): 167–187.
94. Tang, L. C., C. Seng. 2016. Factors influence students’ choice of accounting major in Cambodian universities. Asian Review of Accounting, 24(2): 231–251.
95. Taplin, R., A. Singh, R. Kerr, A. Lee. 2018. The use of short role-plays for an ethics intervention in university auditing courses. Accounting Education, 27(4): 383–402.
96. Thomas, S. 2012. Ethics and accounting education. Issues in Accounting Education, 27(2): 399–418.
97. Tormo-Carbó, G., V. Oltra, E. Seguí-Mas, K. Klimkiewicz. 2016. How effective are business ethics/CSR courses in higher education? Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228: 567–574.
98. Velayutham, S. 2003. The accounting profession’s code of ethics: Is it a code of ethics or a code of quality assurance? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14(4): 483–503.
99. Wang, L. C., L. Calvano. 2015. Is business ethics education effective? An analysis of gender, personal ethical perspectives, and moral judgment. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(4): 591–602.
100. Yulianti, Y., M.W. Zarkasyi, H. Suharman, & R. Soemantri. 2023. Effects of professional commitment, commitment to ethics, internal locus of control and emotional intelligence on the ability to detect fraud through reduced audit quality behaviors. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 12(3): 36-48.
101. Zhang, N., J. Zhang, J. Wang. 2017. Empathy as moderator of gender differences in Chinese insurance agents’ business ethical sensitivity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(6): 1029–1042.


XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

kazempour M, Sheykh M, Tahmasbi E. Explaining the Moral Predispositions of Accounting Students: An Analytical Approach to the Effectiveness and Development of Professional Ethics Education. aapc 2025; 10 (20) :203-249
URL: http://aapc.khu.ac.ir/article-1-1393-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 10, Issue 20 And (2025) Back to browse issues page
دوفصلنامه علمی حسابداری ارزشی و رفتاری journal of Value & Behavioral  Accounting
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.08 seconds with 36 queries by YEKTAWEB 4741